• The Physical Layer transforms data into bits that are sent across the physical media.
• The Data Link layer determines access to the network media in terms of frames. Its Media Access Control (MAC) sub layer is responsible for physical addressing.
• The Network Layer routes data through a large network.
• The Transport Layer provides end-to-end, reliable connections, often in terms of segments [Book02].
• The Session Layer allows users to establish connections using intelligently chosen names in packets.
• The Presentation Layer negotiates data exchange formats, also in terms of packets.
• Finally, the Application Layer provides the interface between the user's application and the network through messages.
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